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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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egypt.4
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1991-04-07
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Economy
Overview: Egypt has one of the largest public sectors of
all the Third World economies, most industrial plants being
owned by the government. Overregulation holds back technical
modernization and foreign investment. Even so, the economy
grew rapidly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but
in 1986 the collapse of world oil prices and an increasingly
heavy burden of debt servicing led Egypt to begin negotiations
with the IMF for balance-of-payments support. As part of
the 1987 agreement with the IMF, the government agreed to
institute a reform program to reduce inflation, promote
economic growth, and improve its external position. The
reforms have been slow in coming, however, and the economy
has been largely stagnant for the past three years. With
1 million people being added every eight months to Egypt's
population, urban growth exerts enormous pressure on the
5% of the total land area available for agriculture.
GDP: $38.3 billion, per capita $700; real growth rate 1.0%
(1989 est.).
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% (1989 est.).
Unemployment rate: 15% (1989 est.).
Budget: revenues $7 billion; expenditures $11.5 billion,
including capital expenditures of $4 billion (FY89 est.).
Exports: $2.55 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--raw
cotton, crude and refined petroleum, cotton yarn, textiles;
partners--US, EC, Japan, Eastern Europe.
Imports: $10.1 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--foods,
machinery and equipment, fertilizers, wood products, durable
consumer goods, capital goods; partners--US, EC, Japan,
Eastern Europe.
External debt: $45 billion (December 1989).
Industrial production: growth rate 2-4% (1989 est.).
Electricity: 11,273,000 kW capacity; 42,500 million kWh
produced, 780 kWh per capita (1989).
Industries: textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals,
petroleum, construction, cement, metals.
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GNP and employs more than
one-third of labor force; dependent on irrigation water
from the Nile; world's fifth-largest cotton exporter; other
crops produced include rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruit,
vegetables; not self-sufficient in food; livestock--cattle,
water buffalo, sheep, and goats; annual fish catch about
140,000 metric tons.
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $14.7 billion;
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-87), $7.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9
billion; Communist countries (1970-88), $2.4 billion.
Currency: Egyptian pound (plural--pounds); 1 Egyptian pound
(LE) = 100 piasters.
Exchange rates: Egyptian pounds (LE) per US$1--2.5790 (January
1990), 2.5171 (1989), 2.2128 (1988), 1.5015 (1987), 1.3503
(1986), 1.3010 (1985).
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June